489 lines
15 KiB
Groff
489 lines
15 KiB
Groff
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.\" Copyright (c) 2001-2003 Andreas S. Oesterhelt <oes@oesterhelt.org>
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.\"
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.\" This is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
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.\" modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
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.\" published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
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.\" the License, or (at your option) any later version.
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.\"
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.\" The GNU General Public License's references to "object code"
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.\" and "executables" are to be interpreted as the output of any
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.\" document formatting or typesetting system, including
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.\" intermediate and printed output.
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.\"
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.\" This manual is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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.\" but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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.\" MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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.\" GNU General Public License for more details.
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.\"
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.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
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.\" License along with this manual; if not, write to the Free
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.\" Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
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.\" MA 02111, USA.
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.\"
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.TH PCRS 3 "2 December 2003" "pcrs-0.0.3"
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.SH NAME
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pcrs - Perl-compatible regular substitution.
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.SH SYNOPSIS
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.br
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.B "#include <pcrs.h>"
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.PP
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.br
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.BI "pcrs_job *pcrs_compile(const char *" pattern ","
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.ti +5n
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.BI "const char *" substitute ", const char *" options ,
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.ti +5n
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.BI "int *" errptr );
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.PP
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.br
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.BI "pcrs_job *pcrs_compile_command(const char *" command ,
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.ti +5n
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.BI "int *" errptr );
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.PP
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.br
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.BI "int pcrs_execute(pcrs_job *" job ", char *" subject ,
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.ti +5n
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.BI "int " subject_length ", char **" result ,
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.ti +5n
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.BI "int *" result_length );
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.PP
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.br
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.BI "int pcrs_execute_list (pcrs_job *" joblist ", char *" subject ,
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.ti +5n
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.BI "int " subject_length ", char **" result ,
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.ti +5n
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.BI "int *" result_length );
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.PP
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.br
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.BI "pcrs_job *pcrs_free_job(pcrs_job *" job );
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.PP
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.br
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.BI "void pcrs_free_joblist(pcrs_job *" joblist );
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.PP
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.br
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.BI "char *pcrs_strerror(int " err );
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.PP
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.br
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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The
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.SM PCRS
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library is a supplement to the
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.SB PCRE(3)
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library that implements
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.RB "regular expression based substitution, like provided by " Perl(1) "'s 's'"
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operator. It uses the same syntax and semantics as Perl 5, with just a few
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differences (see below).
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In a first step, the information on a substitution, i.e. the pattern, the
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substitute and the options are compiled from Perl syntax to an internal form
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.RB "called " pcrs_job " by using either the " pcrs_compile() " or "
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.BR pcrs_compile_command() " functions."
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Once the job is compiled, it can be used on subjects, which are arbitrary
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memory areas containing string or binary data, by calling
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.BR pcrs_execute() ". Jobs can be chained to joblists and whole"
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.RB "joblists can be applied to a subject using " pcrs_execute_list() .
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There are also convenience functions for freeing the jobs and for errno-to-string
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.RB "conversion, namely " pcrs_free_job() ", " pcrs_free_joblist() " and "
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.BR pcrs_strerror() .
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.SH COMPILING JOBS
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.RB "The function " pcrs_compile() " is called to compile a " pcrs_job
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.RI "from a " pattern ", " substitute " and " options " string."
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.RB "The resulting " "pcrs_job" " structure is dynamically allocated and it"
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.RB "is the caller's responsibility to call " "pcrs_free_job()" " when it's no longer needed."
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.BR "pcrs_compile_command()" " is a convenience wrapper function that parses a Perl"
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.IR "command" " of the form"
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.BI "s/" "pattern" "/" "substitute" "/[" "options" "]"
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.RB "into its components and then calls " "pcrs_compile()" ". As in Perl, you"
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.RB "are not bound to the '" "/" "' character: Whatever"
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.RB "follows the '" "s" "' will be used as the delimiter. Patterns or substitutes"
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that contain the delimiter need to quote it:
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\fBs/th\\/is/th\\/at/\fR
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.RB "will replace " "th/is" " by " "th/at" " and can be written more simply as"
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.BR "s|th/is|th/at|" "."
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.IR "pattern" ", " "substitute" ", " "options" " and " "command" " must be"
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.RI "zero-terminated C strings. " "substitute" " and " "options" " may be"
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.BR "NULL" ", in which case they are treated like the empty string."
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.SS "Return value and diagnostics"
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On success, both functions return a pointer to the compiled job.
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.RB "On failure, " "NULL"
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.RI "is returned. In that case, the pcrs error code is written to *" "err" "."
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.SS Patterns
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.RI "For the syntax of the " "pattern" ", see the "
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.BR "PCRE(3)" " manual page."
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.SS Substitutes
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.RI "The " "substitute" " uses"
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.RB "Perl syntax as documented in the " "perlre(1)" " manual page, with"
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some exceptions:
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Most notably and evidently, since
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.SM PCRS
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is not Perl, variable interpolation or Perl command substitution won't work.
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Special variables that do get interpolated, are:
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.TP
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.B "$1, $2, ..., $n"
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Like in Perl, these variables refer to what the nth capturing subpattern
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in the pattern matched.
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.TP
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.B "$& and $0"
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.RB "refer to the whole match. Note that " "$0" " is deprecated in recent"
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Perl versions and now refers to the program name.
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.TP
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.B "$+"
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refers to what the last capturing subpattern matched.
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.TP
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.BR "$` and $'" " (backtick and tick)"
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.RI "refer to the areas of the " "subject" " before and after the match, respectively."
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.RB "Note that, like in Perl, the " "unmodified" " subject is used, even"
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if a global substitution previously matched.
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.PP
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Perl4-style references to subpattern matches of the form
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\fB\\1, \\2, ...\fR
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.RB "which only exist in Perl5 for backwards compatibility, are " "not"
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supported.
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Also, since the substitute is a double-quoted string in Perl, you
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might expect all Perl syntax for special characters to apply. In fact,
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only the following are supported:
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.TP
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\fB\\n\fR
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newline (0x0a)
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.TP
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\fB\\r\fR
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carriage return (0x0d)
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.TP
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\fB\\t\fR
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horizontal tab (0x09)
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.TP
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\fB\\f\fR
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form feed (0x0c)
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.TP
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\fB\\b\fR
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backspace (0x08)
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.TP
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\fB\\a\fR
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alarm, bell (0x07)
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.TP
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\fB\\e\fR
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escape (0x1b)
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.TP
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\fB\\0\fR
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binary zero (0x00)
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.SS "Options"
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.RB "The options " "gmisx" " are supported. " "e" " is not, since it would"
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.RB "require a Perl interpreter and neither is " o ", because the pattern
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is explicitly compiled, anyway. Additionally,
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.SM PCRS
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.RB "honors the options " "U" " and " "T" "."
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Where
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.SM PCRE
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.RB "options are mentioned below, refer to " PCRE(3) " for the subtle differences"
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to Perl behaviour.
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.TP
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.B g
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.RB "Replace " all " instances of"
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.IR pattern " in " subject ,
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not just the first one.
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.TP
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.B i
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.RI "Match the " pattern " without respect to case. This translates to"
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.SM PCRE_CASELESS.
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.TP
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.B m
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.RI "Treat the " subject " as consisting of multiple lines, i.e."
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.RB ' ^ "' matches immediately after, and '" $ "' immediately before each newline."
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Translates to
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.SM PCRE_MULTILINE.
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.TP
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.B s
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.RI "Treat the " subject " as consisting of one single line, i.e."
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.RB "let the scope of the '" . "' metacharacter include newlines."
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Translates to
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.SM PCRE_DOTALL.
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.TP
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.B x
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.RI "Allow extended regular expression syntax in the " pattern ","
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.RB "enabling whitespace and comments in complex patterns."
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Translates to
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.SM PCRE_EXTENDED.
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.TP
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.B U
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.RB "Switch the default behaviour of the '" * "' and '" + "' quantifiers"
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.RB "to ungreedy. Note that appending a '" ? "' switches back to greedy(!)."
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.RB "The explicit in-pattern switches " (?U) " and " (?-U) " remain unaffected."
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Translates to
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.SM PCRE_UNGREEDY.
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.TP
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.B T
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.RI "Consider the " substitute " trivial, i.e. do not interpret any references"
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or special character escape sequences in the substitute. Handy for large
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user-supplied substitutes, which would otherwise have to be examined and properly
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quoted.
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.PP
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Unsupported options are silently ignored.
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.SH EXECUTING JOBS
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.RI "Calling " pcrs_execute() " produces a modified copy of the " subject ", in which"
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.RB "the first (or all, if the '" g "' option was given when compiling the job)"
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.RI "occurance(s) of the job's " pattern " in the " subject " is replaced by the job's"
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.IR substitute .
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.RI "The first " subject_length " bytes following " subject " are processed, so"
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.RI "a " subject_length " that exceeds the actual " subject " is dangerous."
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.RI "Note that for zero-terminated C strings, you should set " subject_length " to"
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.BI strlen( subject ) \fR,
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so that the dollar metacharacter matches at the end of the string, not after
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the string-terminating null byte. For convenience, an extra null byte is
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appended to the result so it can again be used as a string.
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.RI "The " subject " itself is left untouched, and the " *result " is dynamically"
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.RB "allocated, so it is the caller's responsibility to " free() " it when it's"
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no longer needed.
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.RI "The result's length (excluding the extra null byte) is written to " *result_length "."
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.RB "If the job matched, the " PCRS_SUCCESS " flag in"
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.IB job ->flags
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is set.
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.SS String subjects
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If your
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.SS Return value and diagnostics
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.RB "On success, " pcrs_execute() " returns the number of substitutions that"
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were made, which is limited to 0 or 1 for non-global searches.
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.RI "On failure, a negative error code is returned and " result " is set"
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.RB "to " NULL .
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.SH FREEING JOBS
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.RB "It is not sufficient to call " free() " on a " pcrs_job ", because it "
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contains pointers to other dynamically allocated structures.
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.RB "Use " pcrs_free_job() " instead. It is safe to pass " NULL " pointers "
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.RB "(or pointers to invalid " pcrs_job "s that contain " NULL " pointers"
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.RB "to dependant structures) to " pcrs_free_job() "."
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.SS Return value
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.RB "The value of the job's " next " pointer."
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.SH CHAINING JOBS
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.SM PCRS
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.RB "supports to some extent the chaining of multiple " pcrs_job " structures by"
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.RB "means of their " next " member."
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Chaining the jobs is up to you, but once you have built a linked list of jobs,
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.RI "you can execute a whole " joblist " on a given subject by"
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.RB "a single call to " pcrs_execute_list() ", which will sequentially traverse"
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.RB "the linked list until it reaches a " NULL " pointer, and call " pcrs_execute()
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.RI "for each job it encounters, feeding the " result " and " result_length " of each"
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.RI "call into the next as the " subject " and " subject_length ". As in the single"
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.RI "job case, the original " subject " remains untouched, but all interim " result "s"
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.RB "are of course " free() "d. The return value is the accumulated number of matches"
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.RI "for all jobs in the " joblist "."
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.RI "Note that while this is handy, it reduces the diagnostic value of " err ", since "
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you won't know which job failed.
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.RI "In analogy, you can free all jobs in a given " joblist " by calling"
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.BR pcrs_free_joblist() .
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.SH QUOTING
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The quote character is (surprise!) '\fB\\\fR'. It quotes the delimiter in a
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.IR command ", the"
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.RB ' $ "' in a"
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.IR substitute ", and, of course, itself. Note that the"
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.RB ' $ "' doesn't need to be quoted if it isn't followed by " [0-9+'`&] "."
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.RI "For quoting in the " pattern ", please refer to"
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.BR PCRE(3) .
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS
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.RB "When " compiling " a job either via the " pcrs_compile() " or " pcrs_compile_command()
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.RB "functions, you know that something went wrong when you are returned a " NULL " pointer."
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.RI "In that case, or in the event of non-fatal warnings, the integer pointed to by " err
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contains a nonzero error code, which is either a passed-through
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.SM PCRE
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error code or one generated by
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.SM PCRS.
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Under normal circumstances, it can take the following values:
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.TP
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.B PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY
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While compiling the pattern,
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.SM PCRE
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ran out of memory.
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.TP
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.B PCRS_ERR_NOMEM
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While compiling the job,
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.SM PCRS
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ran out of memory.
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.TP
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.B PCRS_ERR_CMDSYNTAX
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.BR pcrs_compile_command() " didn't find four tokens while parsing the"
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.IR command .
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.TP
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.B PCRS_ERR_STUDY
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A
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.SM PCRE
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.RB "error occured while studying the compiled pattern. Since " pcre_study()
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only provides textual diagnostic information, the details are lost.
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.TP
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||
|
|
.B PCRS_WARN_BADREF
|
||
|
|
.RI "The " substitute " contains a reference to a capturing subpattern that"
|
||
|
|
.RI "has a higher index than the number of capturing subpatterns in the " pattern
|
||
|
|
or that exceeds the current hard limit of 33 (See LIMITATIONS below). As in Perl,
|
||
|
|
this is non-fatal and results in substitutions with the empty string.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.PP
|
||
|
|
.RB "When " executing " jobs via " pcrs_execute() " or " pcrs_execute_list() ","
|
||
|
|
.RI "a negative return code indicates an error. In that case, *" result
|
||
|
|
.RB "is " NULL ". Possible error codes are:"
|
||
|
|
.TP
|
||
|
|
.B PCRE_ERROR_NOMEMORY
|
||
|
|
While matching the pattern,
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRE
|
||
|
|
ran out of memory. This can only happen if there are more than 33 backrefrences
|
||
|
|
.RI "in the " pattern "(!)"
|
||
|
|
.BR and " memory is too tight to extend storage for more."
|
||
|
|
.TP
|
||
|
|
.B PCRS_ERR_NOMEM
|
||
|
|
While executing the job,
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRS
|
||
|
|
ran out of memory.
|
||
|
|
.TP
|
||
|
|
.B PCRS_ERR_BADJOB
|
||
|
|
.RB "The " pcrs_job "* passed to " pcrs_execute " was NULL, or the"
|
||
|
|
.RB "job is bogus (it contains " NULL " pointers to the compiled
|
||
|
|
pattern, extra, or substitute).
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.PP
|
||
|
|
If you see any other
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRE
|
||
|
|
error code passed through, you've either messed with the compiled job
|
||
|
|
or found a bug in
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRS.
|
||
|
|
Please send me an email.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.RB "Ah, and don't look for " PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH ", since this"
|
||
|
|
is not an error in the context of
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRS.
|
||
|
|
.RI "Should there be no match, an exact copy of the " subject " is"
|
||
|
|
.RI "found at *" result " and the return code is 0 (matches)."
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
All error codes can be translated into human readable text by means
|
||
|
|
.RB "of the " pcrs_strerror() " function."
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.SH EXAMPLE
|
||
|
|
A trivial command-line test program for
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRS
|
||
|
|
might look like:
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.nf
|
||
|
|
#include <pcrs.h>
|
||
|
|
#include <stdio.h>
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
int main(int Argc, char **Argv)
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
pcrs_job *job;
|
||
|
|
char *result;
|
||
|
|
size_t newsize;
|
||
|
|
int err;
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if (Argc != 3)
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s s/pattern/substitute/[options] subject\\n", Argv[0]);
|
||
|
|
return 1;
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if (NULL == (job = pcrs_compile_command(Argv[1], &err)))
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
fprintf(stderr, "%s: compile error: %s (%d).\\n", Argv[0], pcrs_strerror(err), err);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
if (0 > (err = pcrs_execute(job, Argv[2], strlen(Argv[2]), &result, &newsize)))
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
fprintf(stderr, "%s: exec error: %s (%d).\\n", Argv[0], pcrs_strerror(err), err);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
else
|
||
|
|
{
|
||
|
|
printf("Result: *%s*\\n", result);
|
||
|
|
free(result);
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
pcrs_free_job(job);
|
||
|
|
return(err < 0);
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
}
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.fi
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.SH LIMITATIONS
|
||
|
|
The number of matches that a global job can have is only limited by the
|
||
|
|
available memory. An initial storage for 40 matches is reserved, which
|
||
|
|
is dynamically resized by the factor 1.6 whenever it is exhausted.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The number of capturing subpatterns is currently limited to 33, which
|
||
|
|
is a Bad Thing[tm]. It should be dynamically expanded until it reaches the
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRE
|
||
|
|
limit of 99.
|
||
|
|
.br
|
||
|
|
This limitation is particularly embarassing since
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRE
|
||
|
|
3.5 has raised the capturing subpattern limit to 65K.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
All of the above values can be adjusted in the "Capacity" section
|
||
|
|
.RB "of " pcrs.h "."
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
The Perl-style escape sequences for special characters \\\fInnn\fR,
|
||
|
|
\\x\fInn\fR, and \\c\fIX\fR are currently unsupported.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.SH BUGS
|
||
|
|
This library has only been tested in the context of one application
|
||
|
|
and should be considered high risk.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.SH HISTORY
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRS
|
||
|
|
was originally written for the Privoxy project
|
||
|
|
(http://www.privoxy.org/).
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.SH SEE ALSO
|
||
|
|
.B PCRE(3), perl(1), perlre(1)
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.SH AUTHOR
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
.SM PCRS
|
||
|
|
is Copyright 2000 - 2003 by Andreas Oesterhelt <andreas@oesterhelt.org> and is
|
||
|
|
licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL),
|
||
|
|
version 2.1, which should be included in this distribution, with the exception
|
||
|
|
that the permission to replace that license with the GNU General Public
|
||
|
|
License (GPL) given in section 3 is restricted to version 2 of the GPL.
|
||
|
|
|
||
|
|
If it is missing from this distribution, the LGPL can be obtained from
|
||
|
|
http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.html or by mail: Write to the Free Software
|
||
|
|
Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
|